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About LITHUANIA

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�Capital: VILNIUS

�Population: 3,392,000

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�� Geographical position

Lithuania is one of the states in the East ringing the Baltic Sea. Lithuania is the Centre of Europe

(18 km from Vilnius). To the north it borders on the Republic of Latvia (the lenght of the border 610 km)

to the east and south it borders on Belorussia (724 km), to the southwest - on Poland (110 km) and on

districal of Kaliningrad (303 km). The Territory of Lithuanian is 65200 square km. In 1992 the

population was 3.76 million. Capital of Lithuania is Vilnius . Administratively, Lithuania is divided into

44 regions, and 52 districts;there are 92 cities (among them 11 under the republic's jurisdiction) and

22 urban-type settlements. Reform of administrative-territorial division is in progress.

The length of sea coastline is 99km. The coast is covered by sand beaches and coastal dunes.

At the south coast is the Courland lagoon. The Courland Spit separates it from the Baltic Sea.

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�� Climate

Climate is transitional between maritime and continental. The average annual temperature is about

6 C. The average temperature of January is -4.8 C. (in Ignalina). The average temperature of July

�is 17.2 C, fluctuates from 16.5 C (in Klaipeda) to 17.6 C (in Kaunas). The mean annual precipitation

varies from 540 mm (in the Middle Lowlands) to 930 mm (on the southwest slopes of the Zemaitija

Uplands). The greatest amount of it falls in August, at the seaside - in October. The vegetation

season in Lithuania lasts from 169 to 202 days (the shortest - is in Eastern Lithuania, the longest -

at the seaside).

�� Population

�

In 1992 Lithuania had a population of over 3.39 million with an average density of 55 per sq km.

Of all the Lithuanians, 65.6 % live in towns. The Lithuanian nation was finally formed in XIII-XVth

centuries. Its consolidation was achieved by the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Other

Baltic tribes inhabiting its territory - the Zemaiciai, northern Jotvingiai, southern Semigalians,

southeastern Curonians, southern Selonians - are today's Lithuanians. In XIIIth century and

later Lithuania was settled by other nationalities as well: Poles, Germans, Russians, Tartars. At

the beginning of the XIVth century many Jews settled in Lithuania, where they found refuge from

the persecution in other European countries. In the second half of the XVIII century the Orthodox,

seeking sanctuary from religious persecution settled in Lithuania villages.
In 1990 population composition in Lithuania was as follows:

Lithuanians - 80%,�
Russians -8,9%,
Poles - 7.3%,
Belorussians - 1.7%
Ukrainians - 0.9%,
Jews - 0.4%. Latvians,
Tatars, Gypsies, Germans make up 0,1%.

Approximately 2.9 million of Lithuanians live ontside their homeland, more than 150 thousand - live

in Russia and Eastern countries. More than one million people of Lithuanian origin live in USA, Canada,

Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, FRG, Great Britain, Australia, Poland and elsewhere. Lithuania - at the

junction of Europe. In the course of time more than once ethnic and national composition of population

Lithuania's cultural life is lively. Now Lithuania has 13 professional theatres, some state orchestras.

chamber groups and some large art collections. Some of the latter are well-known to foreign experts.

The Lithuanian Theatre of Youth is especially popular not only in Lithuania but abroad as well. The

Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra under the head of prof. Sondeckis is well-known internationally. These

groups spend much time on tours outside of their country.

�

Lithuania has 53 museums. The most valuable collection of works of art is in the Mykolas Zilinskas galery

in Kaunas. it is as wonderful as Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis (1875-1911) galery with his works.

Lithuania is very proud of this artist's contribution not only in the field of art but music as well.

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Choires are also very popular in Lithuania. Some professional and many amateur choires are in the country.

Every five years they take part in the Festival of Songs.

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Many choires from all over the country , folk dance ensembles, countryside orchestras, orchestras of wind

instruments and folk instruments. The festivals are really very impressive. Specially designed stage in Vilnius

�was constructed for these grand festivals.

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The famous artists come to visit Lithuania with various concerts. Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda and other larger

cities of Lithuania have a many art showrooms. Modern Lithuanian and foreign artists exibit their works in

them. Theatres, concert halls, exibitions are open all the year round. while in summer many competitions,

festivals are being held. Almost any time you can choose event you wish to visit or to buy valuable piece

of art.

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You can also take part in very interesting ethnographic festivals. Shrovetide (The first week of March)

- dramatized outdoor feteseeing off winter and seeing spring.

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The Kaziukas fair (March 3-5). Wooden implements, ceramics and articles of straw are sold in markets,

squares and streets.

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Palm Sunday (April 13). The Vilnius district has a very old tradition to make splendid decorative bunches

of willow palme and these pieces of art sold near the curches and in the streets of the Old Town.

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Saint John's Day (June 24). It is the shortest night and no one seems to go to sleep then. Picked flowers

are twined and thrown into streams and rivers to float. Fields are full of songs and dances. In the light of

glow-worms young people look for the fern flower. The festival ends with the first sign of sunrise

�� Political and national state structure

�

The state of Lithuania is an independent, democratic republic. The state power in Lithuania belongs to

the Seimas (Parliament), President of the Republic, Goverment and Court. Powers are limited according

to the constitution, adopted in 1992 by a referendum. The territory of the state is one and not divisible.

The official language - is Lithuanian.

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The Capital of Lithuania- city of�Vilnius. Vilnius is a historical capital of Lithuania. The foundation of the

economic system is private ownership, personal economic freedom and initiative.�Seimas (Parliament)

consists of the representatives of the Nation. There are 137 members of the Seimas.

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�� Short LITHUANIA history

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Lithuania is a small plot of land at the Baltic Sea. The whole west fringe of the country (appr. 100 km)

is occupied by the amber coastline with marvelous beaches of white sand. Clean waters of Sesupe,

Dubysa, Nevezis and Nemunas flow. Sometimes Lithuania is called the Nemunas land due to the great

love Lithuanians have to the river Nemunas.

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For the first time Lithuania was mentioned in 1009 in Qedlinburg annals. The Lithuania as a state emerged

in early XIIIth century after the union of the main lands. Mindaugas became the Grand Duke of Lithuania

at about 1240. At the end of XIVth - and the beginnning of the XV century Lithuania became one of the

most powerful states in the Eastern Europe. Almost for the whole two centuries German crusaders invaded

the pagan state, though Lithuania was not conquered. Lithuanians fougth bravely for their state and

religion. They built castles which are admired even today for their defensive construction. In 1410 united

armies of Great Dutchty of Lithunia and Poland inflicted a severe defeat to the Teutonic Knights in defence

of their liberty. At the same time the Great Dutchty of Lithuania stood in the way of the attacks of the

Mongols-Tatars into the West and helped the Eastern European nations to figth against the Golden Horde.

In 1569 the Union of Liublin, sealed the Poland-Lithuania Union into a Commonwealth (Rzecspospolita),

while later in the XVIIth century Lithuania became one of its three provinces. After partitioning of the

Commmonwealth in 1795, Lithuania was incorporated into Russia. For more than one century Lithuania

fought against tsarist oppresion. Only on February 16, 1918 Lithuania proclaimed the act of independence

and restoration of statehood. Soon afterwards the independent state of Lithuania was recognized by the

largest states of the world and Europe. Lithuania established diplomatic relations with many of them.

Only 22 years were allowed for the independent state of Lithuania. In 1940 the Soviet Union occupied

Lithuania. The occupants subjugated the nation's liberty and existence. The Lithuania nation fought

bravely against the occupants for their independence, although they were outnumbered. The desire for

independence was not subdued by the fifty-year occupation. Alongside with dissolution of the Soviet Union,

the last colonial empire of the world, on March 11, 1990 Lithuania proclaimed its restoration of statehood.

Diplomatic relations were renewed with many of the world's countries The old clock of the Cathedral tower

strikes the hours counting the time of freedom. Every morning the sounds of this clock are transmitted by

�radio. A New day begins. One should mention the Lithuanian scientists, architects and restorers, who

returned to life a number of historical and architectural monuments, especialy in the Old Town district of

Vilnius - the largest in the Eastern Europe. Lithuania has 14 schools of higher learning and among them

the oldest University in the East Europe - the Vilnius University, founded in 1579. Lithuania Language is

important for those who study origin of languages. It differs from other modern Indo-European languages

for its archaism. A large Centre of Baltic philology is established in Vilnius and the Lithuanian language is

taught in many countries of the world.

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Lithuania participates in many exibitions all over the world. We try to show what we manufacture and

create not only to ourselves but to others as well. Though the best way to feel the lifestyle of Lithuania

is to visit it....

Gallery